Enhancing Underwater Mass Spectrometry for Ocean Water Exploration Through In-Situ Calibration

A Collaboration with the University of Rhode Island        

SWIMS Boat

In a collaboration with Dr. Brice Loose, Associate Professor of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island (URI)’s Department of Ocean Engineering, we are contributing to the optimization of their Submersible Wet Inlet Mass Spectrometer (SWIMS) for new exploration campaigns around the Earth oceans, especially those areas that hold key information for climate changing events, such as the polar regions. 

PIPERS Expedition to Antarctic polar night
PIPERS Expedition to Antarctic polar night

URI’s SWIMS, renowned for its unparalleled resolution in measuring volatile compounds, particularly dissolved gases in ocean waters, requires meticulous attention to various instrumental and environmental factors for accurate interpretation of the data collected. The instrument has been field tested at different ocean exploration campaigns characterizing the dissolved gases at key sites in our planet's ocean system, special around the poles.

Polynyas in the Ross Sea
Polynyas in the Ross Sea
Polynyas in the Ross Sea where the SWIMS instrument has been deployed for melt glacier water analysis.

The SWIMS used by URI consists of a Transpector® MPH quadrupole mass spectrometer that includes a dual filament and programmable ion source parameters to differentiate gas signals with the same mass peak but different ionization potentials. The system requires a turbo pump system and special membrane inlet to introduce analytes in the water at variable from atmospheric pressure to very high pressures when measuring at significant depths to extract the dissolved gas concentration signals. 

the URI SWIMS Instrument
the URI SWIMS Instrument
This is the version of the SWIMS instrument which has already been deployed into underwater ocean missions.

The SWIMS design was pioneered by Drs. Tim Short and Strawn Toler, along with other researchers from the University of South Florida, who developed underwater  mass spectrometers (UMSs) and used them in various underwater platforms and vehicles for a variety of research projects. They currently serve as collaborators in this research exploration endeavor in which INFICON is supporting URI with the optimization of a new benchtop mass spectrometer system that uses the state-of-the-art Transpector MPH 200 MS version and will be used for shipboard measurements from collected water samples. This latest version also includes a BCG450 TripleGauge®. This system is ultimately envisioned to be incorporated into a new version of a UMS for future exploration campaigns. 

SWIMS-Instrument
SWIMS-Instrument
This is the latest version of the SWIMS instrument being tested at Dr. Looses' lab at URI. It will be deployed at the ocean later this year.

One significant aspect of this collaboration is the development of a new calibration method aimed at measuring and correcting the influence of key variables. These variables include hydrostatic pressure, instrument internal temperature, electronic noise, sample temperature, water vapor, and external water temperature changes. The innovative in-situ calibration method involves continuous sampling from a dissolved gas standard.

UWMS system
UWMS system
SWIMS instrument before deployment being prepared for integration into the pod.

UMSs can be used on various platforms, depending on where they need to sample. These platforms include boats, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and manned submersibles. The choice of platform depends on factors like the sampling duration and the marine environment being studied, such as the surface ocean, coastal waters, deep ocean, or hydrothermal vents. 

Deployed twice on a submersible tow vehicle to capture profiles throughout the euphotic zone, the SWIMS UMS and in-situ calibration system focused on measuring the primary atmospheric gases—N2, O2, Ar, and CO2. The objective was to scrutinize how independent variables such as pressure, internal temperature, electronic noise baseline, sample temperature, water vapor pressure, and in-situ water temperature contribute to variability in UMS readings.

SWIMS aboard deployments in polar night
SWIMS aboard deployments in polar night
The SWIMS instrument integrated into the oceanographic bathymetric pod ready to be launched into the ocean.

Utilizing Principal Component Analysis to evaluate sources of variability and Generalized Additive Models to correct UMS output, the collaborative efforts successfully achieved corrections within a 1% error margin. 

UMS technology, based on membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS), offers significant advantages in underwater gas quantification. By directly obtaining samples from the environment without manual intervention, the UMS eliminates sampling artifacts and allows for high sample throughput rates. Moreover, prolonged in-situ deployments enable sophisticated statistical analyses of environmental signals, enhancing our understanding of oceanic processes.

SWIMS profiles reveal old water near the glaciers
SWIMS profiles reveal old water near the glaciers
SWIMS profiles reveal old water near the glaciers.

This collaborative initiative between URI and INFICON’s Emerging Technologies Research Team represents a step forward in advancing the capabilities of UMS technology, providing valuable insights into dissolved gas dynamics in the ocean.

Innovation is at the core of our efforts as we collaborate with the University of Rhode Island's Department of Ocean Engineering. It's no easy feat to reach scientific targets, especially in projects like these where precise measurements are crucial to understanding and mitigating the effects of climate change. Nevertheless, our commitment remains strong. 

Let's continue to push boundaries and strive for a deeper understanding of our planet's complex systems.

Interested in Collaborating with us?

Let us know if you are looking for a solution in a difficult and challenging environment, or if you want to collaborate in any of our projects. 

Contact us

Scientific Publications

We require your consent for video content
More Information